Minangkabau tribe

Total populationapproximately 7 million (2000
Regions with significant populationWest Sumatra, Indonesia: 3,747,343.Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: 636.000.Riau, Indonesia: 534 854.Jambi, Indonesia: 385 734.North Sumatra, Indonesia: 306 550.Riau Islands, Indonesia: 111 463.Bengkulu, Indonesia: 66 861.South Sumatra, Indonesia: 64 215.Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: 450,000.
LanguageMinang language, Indonesian and Malay.
ReligionIslam.
The closest ethnic groupMalay.
Minangkabau or Minang (often called People Padang) is a tribe originating from the province of West Sumatra. These tribes are famous for their traditional matrilineal Minang people despite very strong embrace Islam. Indigenous basandi Personality ', Personality' basandi Kitabullah (bersendikan customary law, the law of bersendikan Qur'an) is a reflection of traditional Minang based on Islam.
Minang tribe especially prominent in the areas of education and commerce. More than half the total number of members of this tribe are in overseas. Minang overseas generally live in large cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Pekanbaru, Medan, Batam, Palembang and Surabaya. For outside the territory of Indonesia, Minang tribe is widely available in Malaysia (especially Negeri Sembilan) and Singapore. Throughout Indonesia and even in foreign countries, ethnic cuisine is popularly known as Padang cuisine, very popular.
Minangkabau is the venue for the Padri war that occurred in 1804 - 1837. The defeat in that war causes these tribes under the authority of the Dutch East Indies colonial government.

Ethnic tribes in Minangkabau

In Minangkabau ethnic group there are many clans, which by the Minang itself only referred to as tribes. Some of them are ethnic tribes Piliang, Bodi Caniago, Tanjuang, Koto, Sikumbang, Malay, Jambak; in addition there are also fractional parts of the main tribes. Sometimes several families of the same tribe, living in a house called the Tower House.
In the early days of the formation of Minangkabau culture, there are only four parts of two lareh (barrel) or kelarasan. The tribes are:
• Tribe Koto
• Tribe Piliang
• Body Parts
• Tribe Caniago

And two kelarasan it is:
1. lareh Koto Piliang initiated by Datuk Ketumanggungan
2. lareh Bodi Caniago, initiated by Datuk Perpatih Nan Sycamore
The difference between the two kelarasan it is:
• lareh Koto Piliang adopts Militeristic Aristocracy culture [citation needed]
• lareh Caniago Body adopts the Democratic Socialist culture [citation needed]
In the next period, there arose a new kelarasan named lareh Nan Long, initiated by the World Sakalok Datuk nan Bamego-mego. Now the tribes in Minangkabau developing steadily and has reached hundreds of tribes, which sometimes has been difficult to find similarities with the parent tribe. Among these tribes are:

• Tribe Cape
• Tribe Sikumbang
• Tribe Sipisang
• Tribe Bendang
• Malay (Minang)
• Tribe Jar
• Tribe Panai
• Tribe Jambak
• Kutianyie tribe or tribe Koto Anyie
• Tribe Kampai
• Tribe Payobada
• Pitopang tribe or tribe Patopang
• Tribe Mandailiang
• Tribe Mandaliko
• Tribe Sumagek
• Tribe Dalimo
• Tribe Simabua
• Tribe Salo
• Singkuang tribe or tribe Singkawang

Etymology

Minangkabau name is derived from two words, minang (win) and Kabau (buffalo). The name comes from a legend. It is said that in the 13th century, royal Singasari an expedition to the Minangkabau. To prevent fighting, the local community proposed to pitting buffalo buffalo Minang with Java. Majapahit troops agreed with the proposal and provide a buffalo big and aggressive. Minang community while providing a buffalo hungry child with a knife given to the horns. In battle, the child was looking buffalo buffalo Java and immediately tore her stomach, thinking of the buffalo is the parent who want to breastfeed. Tersebutlah Minang community brilliance that inspired the name of Minangkabau.
But from some other source mentions that the name Minangkabau existed long before the events of buffalo race that happens, where the more appropriate term before is "Minangkabwa", "Minangakamwa", "Minangatamwan" and "Phinangkabhu". The term Minangakamwa or Minangkamba means Minang (river) Twins which refers to two rivers namely Kampar Kampar Kiri and Sungai Kampar. While Minangatamwan term that refers to the Kampar River is indeed mentioned in the inscription Kedukan Hill where there is mentioned that the founder of the kingdom of Srivijaya named Dapunta Hyang mass migration of Kampar River upstream (Minangatamwan) located in the vicinity of the Fifty Cities, West Sumatra.

Origin

Minang tribe is part of the community Deutro Malay (Melayu Muda) who migrated from the South to the Chinese mainland Sumatra island around 2500 to 2000 years ago. It is estimated that these groups entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar river flow or Minangkamwa (Minangatamwan) to arrive at the plateau Luhak nan Tigo (darek). Then from Luhak Minang nan Tigo this rate spread to the coastal areas (pasisie) on the west coast of the island of Sumatra, which stretches from north to Kerinci Barus in the south.
In addition to coming from Luhak nan Tigo, coastal communities are also many who came from South India and Persia. The society in which migration occurs when the west coast of Sumatra became an alternative port of Malacca trade besides, when the kingdom fell into the hands of the Portuguese.
Social Community
Minangkabau region consists of many villages. Nagari is an autonomous region with the highest authority in Minangkabau. No other social and political power that could interfere with customary in a village. Different Nagari will likely have different customs typical. Each village is led by a council consisting of tribal leaders from all the tribes in the villages. This council is called the density of Adat (KAN). From the result of deliberation and consensus in the council this is a decision and binding rules for villages that generated.
Overseas Minangkabau
Number of Overseas


House Tower

Overseas Minangkabau is the term for the Minangkabau people living outside the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Wander Minangkabau ethic is very high, even the highest estimated in Indonesia. From the results of studies that have been done by Mohctar Naim, in 1961 there were approximately 32% Minang people who live outside of West Sumatra. Then in 1971 the number increased to 44%. [2] According to the 2000 census, Minang tribe who lived in West Sumatra amounted to 3.7 million people. [3] With an estimated 7 million people worldwide Minang, means more than half Minang people are in overseas. Looking at the data, then there is a substantial change in the ethos of the Minangkabau people migrate than other tribes in Indonesia. For according to the 1930 census, immigrants Minangkabau just 10.5% below the Bawean (35.9%), Batak (14.3%), and Banjar (14.2%).

Overseas wave

Going away on ethnic Minang has lasted long enough. The first large-scale migration occurred in the 14th century, where many families Minang move to the east coast of Sumatra to Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Along with the wave of migration to the east, also the displacement of Minang community to the west coast of Sumatra. Along this coast Minang colonies established trademarks, such as in Meulaboh, Aceh place known as the Minang descent Aneuk Jamee. After the Sultanate of Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511, many families who move to the Minangkabau South Sulawesi. They became royalist Gowa, as traders and administrators kingdom. Datuk Makotta with his wife Mr. Sitti, as a forerunner to the Minangkabau family in Sulawesi. [4] The next wave of migration occurred in the 18th century, when Minangkabau privilege to inhabit Riau-Lingga Sultanate.
During the colonial period the Dutch East Indies, a massive migration occurred in 1920, when the tobacco plantations in Deli Serdang, East Sumatra was opened. At the time of independence, overseas Minang inhabit many big cities in Java, especially Jakarta. Minang overseas now almost spread all over the world.
Overseas Property
At the end of the 18th century, many students Minang who migrated to Mecca to explore Islam, including poor Haji, Haji Piobang, and Haji Sumanik. Upon arrival in the country, they propagate pure Islamic thought, and became a strong advocate Padri movement in the Minangkabau. The second wave of overseas to the Middle East occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, led by Abdul Karim Amrullah, Tahir Jalaluddin, and Muhammad Jamil Jambek. Many Minang settled and successful in Mecca, among them is Ahmad Khatib who became imam of Al-Haram Mosque
In addition to the Middle East, Minangkabau too many students who migrate to Europe. They include Abdoel Rival, Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, Rustam Effendi, and Nazir Pamuntjak. Another intellectual, Tan Malaka, nomadic in eight European and Asian countries, build a network of Asian independence movements. All students Minang, who migrated to Europe since the end of the 19th century, became a freedom fighter and founder of the Republic of Indonesia.
For Merantau
Cultural Factors
There are many explanations for this phenomenon, one reason is the matrilineal kinship system. With this system, the mastery of treasures held by women while men's rights in this case is quite small. This is why men Minang choose to wander. Now the woman was already prevalent Minangkabau migrated. Not only for reasons joined her husband, but also because they want to trade, career and continuing education.
According to Rudolf Mrazek, Dutch sociologist, two typologies of Minang culture, namely dynamism and anti-parochialism gave birth to an independent life, cosmopolitan, egalitarian, and broad-minded, this led to migrate to the embedded culture of Minangkabau society. Passion to change the fate of the pursuit of knowledge and riches, as well as Minang proverb that says Ka ratau first Madang, babuah square babungo (better away from home because kampong yet useful) resulted in Minang youth to go wander young age.

Economic factors

Another explanation is the population growth that is not accompanied with increasing natural resource that can be processed. If the first result and plantation agriculture, the main source of life where they can support a family, then now is the result of natural resources which become their main income was not enough anymore to give the results to meet together, as should be shared by several families. In addition it is the growth of new opportunities with the opening of the plantation and mining areas. It is these factors which led the Minang people go wander speculate in foreign countries. For the first arrival to the land of shoreline, usually migrants settled in advance at home dunsanak regarded as landlady. The new immigrants typically work as small traders.


Minangkabau and Achieving

Minang tribe known as the tribe learned, therefore they are also spread throughout Indonesia and even foreign countries in a variety of professions and skills, among others, as politicians, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists and traders. Based on the number of relatively small population (2.7% of Indonesia's population), Minangkabau is one of the most successful tribes with many achievements. Tempo magazine in a special edition in 2000 noted that 6 of 10 important figures Indonesia in the 20th century was the Minang.
Since the first Minang people have migrated to various parts of Java, Sulawesi, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, to the Philippines. In 1390, King Bagindo established the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines. In the 14th century Minang people migrating to Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and raised the king for the new country from among them. Raja Melewar is the first king Negeri Sembilan who was appointed in 1773. In the late 16th century, scholars Minangkabau Dato Dato Ri Ri Bandang and Tiro, spreading Islam in eastern Indonesia and Islamize the kingdom of Gowa.
The arrival of Muslim reformers who studied in Cairo and Mecca affect the education system in Minangkabau. Modern Islamic school Thawalib Sumatra and Diniyah daughter gave birth to many activists that many involved in the process of independence, among others AR Sutan Mansur, Abbas Siradjuddin, and Jamaladin Tamin.
In the period 1920 - 1960 many influential politicians Indonesia came from Minangkabau. After independence, four Minangkabau sit as prime minister (Sutan Sjahrir, Mohammad Hatta, Abdul Halim, Muhammad Natsir), a vice-president (Mohammad Hatta), a president of the Republic of Indonesia under the RIS (Assaat), one became leader of parliament (Chaerul Saleh), and dozens of the minister, among which is quite famous being Agus Salim and Muhammad Yamin. In addition to the government, in the Liberal Democratic Indonesian parliament dominated by politicians Minang. They are incorporated into a wide variety of party and ideology, Islamists, Nationalists, Communists and Socialists. Besides the governor of the Province of Central Sumatra / West Sumatra, Minangkabau also sat as governors of other provinces in Indonesia. They are Datuk Djamin (West Java), Muhammad Djosan and Muhammad Padang (Maluku), Datuk Anwar Madjo Bases Nan Kuniang (Central Sulawesi), Adnan Kapau Gani (South Sumatra), Datuk Djamin Bagindo (Jambi).

Author and journalist Minang much influence the development of Indonesian. They developed the Indonesian through a variety of professions and fields of expertise. Marah Rusli, Abdul Muis, Sutan Alisjahbana, K. HAMKA, and AA Navis as a novelist. Anwar and Taufik Ismail through poetry, as well as Abdul Rival, Jamaladin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar and Ani K. as a journalist.
In Indonesia and Malaysia, in addition to the Chinese, Minang people are also well-known as an accomplished entrepreneur. Minang many entrepreneurs succeed in business in the field of textile trade, restaurants, hospitality, education, and hospitals. Abdul Latif and Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah is a successful entrepreneur figure Minangkabau.
Many people Minang successful in the entertainment world, both as a director, producer, singer, and artist. Among them is Usmar Ismail, Abd Sani, Arizal, Ani Sumadi, Sukarno M. Noer, and Dorce Gamalama.
Minangkabau also contribute greatly in Malaysia and Singapore, among others Tuanku Abdul Rahman (The Pertuan Agong first Malaysia), Yusof bin Ishak (the first president of Singapore), Zubir Said (composer of the national anthem of Singapore Go Singapore), Rais Yatim, Tan Sri Abdul Samad Idris and Adnan Saidi. In the Netherlands, Rustam Effendi who represents the Communist Party of the Netherlands, being the only Indonesian who once sat as a member of parliament.

Traders Minangkabau

Minangkabau traders refer to the profession of a group of people from the realm of Minangkabau. Besides the medical profession, teachers, and scholars, became a trader of livelihood for the majority of Minangkabau society. Usually this profession became a springboard for Minangkabau emigrants on arrival in overseas.

History

Minangkabau wholesalers have menjejakan feet since the 7th century. They became influential traders operating on the west coast and the east coast of Sumatra. Minang many traders sell crops such as pepper, which they brought from the inland waterway through the Minangkabau to major rivers such as the Kampar, Indragiri and Batang Hari. Since the appearance of the kingdom of Srivijaya, many Minangkabau traders who work for the kingdom. Along the west coast of Sumatra, the merchants opened trading posts in the major towns of Aceh to Bengkulu, such as Meulaboh, Barus, Tiku, Pariaman, Padang and Bengkulu. The role of Minangkabau traders began to decline since mastered the west coast of Sumatra by the Sultanate of Aceh.
The emergence of the Padri in West Sumatra at the end of the 18th century, a revival of Minangkabau traders who pioneered by the Wahabi scholars. This merchant regain the threat of colonial Dutch East Indies since the opening of the Dutch trading post in Padang. Padri War that lasted for more than 30 years has destroyed trade Minangkabau well as mastery of the region under the colonial Dutch East Indies.
In the 1950s, many successful traders who do business among Minangkabau Hashim Ning, Rahman Tamin, Agus Musin Dasaad, and Sidi Tando. During the New Order, the government policies that favor Chinese traders very detrimental Minangkabau merchants. Difficulties experienced by traders trying Minang at that time, especially the problem of capital in bank loans and business licenses.
Type of business
Restaurant

The restaurant business is a type of business that many hailed by traders Minang. Minang restaurant chain or commonly known as Padang restaurants scattered throughout the cities in Indonesia, even down to Malaysia and Singapore. Besides, there is also a business that has a typical restaurant and trademarks are undertaken by traders from a particular area. Kapau merchant origin, Agam usually sells rice, known as Nasi Ramas Kapau. Pariaman many traders who sell Sate Padang. While the origin trader Kubang, Fifty Cities become martabak seller, the Kubang Martabak trademark. Simple restaurant pioneered by Bustamam into Padang largest restaurant chain with more than 60 branches spread all over Indonesia. In Malaysia, Ratu Sari restaurant founded by Junaidi bin Jaba, a Padang restaurant successful.
Textiles
In traditional markets major cities of Indonesia, Minangkabau traders wrestle many textile trade. In Jakarta, the Minangkabau traders dominate traditional trading centers, such as Tanah Abang market, Pasar Senen, Pasar Blok M, Jatinegara Market, and Market Lower Dam. Dominance Minangkabau textile merchants also occurred in Medan and Pekanbaru. If in Medan Minangkabau traders dominate the market Sukaramai, then in Pekan Baru them dominant in the Central Market and Down Market. In Surabaya, the textile merchant Minang origin are often found at Pasar Turi.
Craft
Minang people do a lot of trade of handicrafts. These traders are many who wrestle silver, gold, and shoes. Most of them came from Silungkang, Sawahlunto and Clever Sikek, Tanah Datar.
Besides also many who wrestle business of buying and selling antiques, where the business is usually cultivated by merchants origin Puar River, Agam. Antique dealer Minangkabau were encountered in Cikini, Central Jakarta and ciputat
Printing
Business printing is a type of business that many are run by merchants Minang. They lead a printing business includes printing invitations and books. Even from a printing business has grown into a book publishing business and bookstore. Printing business many traders hailed by Hard Water origin, Solok. One of the figures in the business success of this printing is HM Arbie based in the city of Medan.
Hotel and Travel
Business tourism is mainly a network of hospitality and travel also hailed by many entrepreneurs Minangkabau. In Jakarta, Grand Menteng Hotel network is the largest business network owned Minang hotel. In Pekan Baru, in addition to the Best Western Hotel owned Basrizal Koto, there Hotel Prince owned by Sutan Prince. Business travel in the respective fields by businessmen from Payakumbuh, Rahimi Sutan under the flag Natrabu Tour.
Education
Business education is also an option for people Minang. This effort is usually hailed by educators who originally worked in the public or private school. From this experience, they can develop a school, university, or the course itself which eventually grow professionally. In Jakarta, there are at least three universities belonging to the Minang, namely the University Jayabaya, YAI Persada Indonesia University, and the University of Borobudur.
Media
A talent for writing and journalism which is owned by the Minang, has spawned several major media companies in Indonesia. Among others are newspapers Oetoesan Melajoe founded by Sutan Maharaja in 1915, the magazine Bannerman Society founded by Hamka, newspapers guidelines established by Rosihan Anwar, newspapers Alert founded by Ani K., magazines Kartini established by Lukman Umar, Femina magazine which founded by the sons and daughters of Sutan Alisjahbana, and TV One television network founded by Abdul Latif.

Finance

Businesses in the financial industry, such as banking, securities, and insurance is also an option for employers Minang. Even businessmen Minang Sutan Sjahsam sister who is also Indonesia's first Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, a pioneer in the Indonesian capital market. Sjahsam also a stockbroker and founded the securities firm, Perdanas. Besides Sjahsam, economist Syahrir is also active in the securities business by establishing a company Syahrir Securities. In the banking business, there are other Minang businessmen, Anwar Sutan Saidi, who founded the National Bank in 1930.
Gathering merchant
To build a network and relationship between traders Minangkabau, then held a meeting known as the Gathering merchant Minang. This gathering was first held in Padang in 2007 which was attended by no less than 700 entrepreneurs from around the world Minang.
Successful traders
• Djohor Soetan Perpatih, becoming a successful trader in the 1930s. Together with his brother Johan Soetan Soelaiman, he set up shop Johan Djohor famous for discounting action item that caused the Chinese stores in Pasar Senen, New Market, and Kramat (all three are in Jakarta) to lower the price of the merchandise.
• Hashim Ning is an entrepreneur Minang since the era of the Old Order. The business is in the automotive field, namely as the sole agent of the cars from Europe and the United States. Hashim press once dubbed as the "King of Cars and Henry Ford Indonesia". He was accused of being a puppet of capitalist when in 1954 the company he leads, Indonesia Service Company, get a soft loan of 2.6 million US dollars from the Development Loan Fund. Besides business Hasyim also penetrated the hospitality and travel agency.
• Abdul Latif is a successful entrepreneur figure Minangkabau in Jakarta. Abdul Latif business includes property and media under the banner Alatief Corporation. Pasaraya and TV One is the largest company-owned Latif. In addition to success as an entrepreneur, Latif also served as Minister of Labor in the New Order government.
• Basrizal Koto is a businessman from Pariaman are in the business of media, hotels, mining, and livestock. Basrizal known as Basko has a hotel based in Pekan Baru and Padang. In addition he has the largest dairy farms in Southeast Asia.
• Rahimi Sutan, Minangkabau successful businessman in business travel, travel agencies, and restaurants. Currently Natrabu Tour, his travel company, scattered across tourist destinations in Indonesia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
• Idris is one Minang businessman who is also a politician. Fahmi Kodel establish business group engaged in trade, industry and investment. Fahmi, who has been in business since 1967, had dropped out of the UI to start entrepreneurship.
• Judge Datuk Thantawi, a businessman engaged in mining and commerce under the banner Taha Group.
• Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah, a Minang-Malaysian entrepreneurs are quite successful. Under the banner of Melewar Corporation, its business covers steel production and manufacturing.